24^th World Cardiology Conference September 17-18, 2018 Hong Kong

Cardiology is a branch of medicine deals with disorders of the heart as well as parts of the circulatory system. The Section of Clinical Cardiology access to specialized inpatient and outpatient heart care and treatment of heart problems such as angina, artery problems, valvular heart disease, and heart failure. The one who specialize in this field of medicine are called cardiologists, primary mission is to deliver high quality, cardiovascular care to all of our patients. Pediatric cardiologist is pediatricians who have received extensive training in diagnosing and treating children's cardiac problems. 

 A pediatric cardiologist is a pediatrician who has received extensive training in diagnosing and treating children's cardiac problems. Evaluation and treatment may begin with the fetus since heart problems can now be detected before birth and also responsible for the diagnosis of congenital heart defects, performing diagnostic procedures such as echocardiograms, cardiac catheterizations, and for the ongoing management of the sequel of heart disease in infants, children and adolescents. The division is actively involved in research aimed at preventing both congenital and acquired heart disease in children and also Pediatric heart surgeons treat complex congenital heart defects in newborns, children, as well as adults. Congenital heart deficiency is very unique from the types of heart diseases that are common among adults. Repairing hearts in small bodies todays an added challenge.

The cardiac imaging also known as Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), is a imaging medical technology for the non-nosy assessment of the activity and structure of the cardiovascular system with division of Cardiovascular Imaging clarifies the  cross sectional imaging studies of the heart and vascular system using Computed Tomography (CT or "CAT" scans) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Both CT and MRI are non-invasive imaging modalities, which uses a powerful magnetic field, radio waves and a computer to produce detailed pictures of the structures within the heart. It is used to detect or monitor cardiac disease and to evaluate the heart's anatomy and function in patients with congenital heart disease. MUSC operates the most up-to-date, cutting edge imaging equipment to ensure optimal diagnostic quality in patient care while also minimizing patient exposure to ionizing radiation.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack). It's usually associated with a build-up of fatty deposits inside the arteries – known as atherosclerosis – and an increased risk of blood clots. It can also be associated with damage to arteries in organs such as the brain, heart, kidneys and eyes. Cardiovascular disease is a term that refers to more than one disease of the circulatory system including the heart and blood vessels, whether the blood vessels are affecting the lungs, the brain, kidneys or other parts of the body.

Heart failure (HF) sometimes known as congestive heart failure is a common condition that develops after the heart muscle doesn't pump blood as well as it should. Certain conditions, such as narrowed arteries in your heart (coronary artery disease) or high blood pressure, gradually leave your heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump efficiently or weakened by diseases of the heart including heart attacks and other medical conditions. Heart failure occurs when the main pumping chambers of your heart (the ventricles) may become stiff and not fill properly between beats especially during increased activity or under stress. In addition, the heart muscle may become damaged or weakened and couldn’t relax properly to accommodate the flow of blood back from the lungs to the heart. 

The term diabetic cardiovascular disease (DCD) refers to heart disease that develops in people who have diabetes which increases your risk of heart attack and clot-related stroke (cardiovascular events). Peripheral artery disease  — a case in which your arteries narrow, reducing blood discharge to your arms and legs — also increases your risk of cardiovascular accident. Diabetes is a disease in which the body's blood glucose (sugar) level is too high and affects your body's ability to produce or use insulin. Normally, your body turns the food you eat into energy. Insulin is released to aid transport this energy to the cells. Insulin acts as a “key.” 

Cardiac regeneration is reparative stem cells have the capability to restore function to damaged tissue by renewing cell growth in cardiac cells destroyed by heart disease or a rapidly evolving and controversial field of research. The identification some 12 years ago of progenitor cells that reside within the heart spurred enthusiasm for cell-based regenerative therapies and approximately 15.5 million Americans have one or more types of cardiovascular disease, such as heart attack, angina or heart failure. Here’s is heart regeneration strategy which requires the injection of exogenous cells into the affected area of the heart. These transplanted cells could generate and repopulate the injured area with myocardium. Complementary regenerative strategies to cell transplantation are simultaneously being pursued by the field.

An echocardiogram, often referred to as a cardiac echo or simply an echo, is a sonogram of the heart. (It is not abbreviated as ECG, because that is an abbreviation for an electrocardiogram.) Echocardiography uses standard two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and Doppler ultrasound to create images of the heart.

Echocardiography has become routinely used in the diagnosis, management, and follow-up of patients with any suspected or known heart diseases. It is one of the most widely used diagnostic tests in cardiology. It can provide a wealth of helpful information, including the size and shape of the heart (internal chamber size quantification), pumping capacity, and the location and extent of any tissue damage. An echocardiogram can also give physicians other estimates of heart function, such as a calculation of the cardiac output,ejection fraction, and diastolic function (how well the heart relaxes).

Critical cardiac care (CIC) which is also known as coronary care unit (CCU)  is a hospital ward specialized in the care of patients with heart attacks, unstable angina, cardiac dysrhythmia and (in practice) various other cardiac conditions that require continuous monitoring and treatment or first aid treatment till the doctor comes. There are also units available in the hospitals to take care of the emergency situation. The Cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) is a specialized ICU dealing with cardiac patients and is usually staffed by cardiologists. It offers critical care staff especially trained in acute coronary syndromes and has additional technology such as intra-aortic balloon pumps, etc.

Cardiovascular surgery which is also known as  surgery thoracic surgery is operated on the heart or great vessels by cardiac surgeons and it  is the field of medicine involved in surgical treatment of organs inside the thorax. There are five types of cardiac surgery 1) Open heart surgery 2) Modern beating-heart surgery 3) Heart transplant 4) Coronary artery bypass grafting 5) Minimally invasive surgery and  surgeries are done to treat complexity of ischemic heart disease, correct congenital heart disease, or treat valvular heart disease from various causes including endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease and atherosclerosis and  advancement of cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass techniques has greatly reduced the mortality rates of these procedures. The surgery requires postoperative care to avoid complications. laceration care is needed to avoid infection and minimize scarring. Swelling and loss of appetite are common, As mentioned Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the most common type of heart surgery. CABG improves blood flow to the heart. 

Cancer and cardiovascular disease are the leading causes of mortality in many parts of the world and Cardio-oncology is the intersection of heart conditions in patients who have been treated for cancer. There are several reasons for both diseases occurring in the same patient. Coronary artery disease (CAD) and Cancer share risk factors such as age, use of tobacco and obesity. Other reasons may be the consequences of radio- and chemo-therapy in long-term survivors of malignancy. These treatments have a direct impact on the heart, which require, in some cases, surgical correction. Malignancy can also occur during long-term follow-up after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). The increase in diagnostic facilities makes the detection of heart disease and treatable cancer also more likely.

Atherosclerosis is a common form of heart disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls eventually restricts blood flow and plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood later plaque hardens and narrows your arteries which limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your organs and other parts of your body and this constricted circulation leads to less oxygen for the heart muscle, resulting in chest pain (angina), usually following exercise or excitement. It can also lead to serious problems, including heart attack, stroke, and stresses the heart muscle to the point of failure, which is what happens during a heart attack which may even lead to death. The disease can influence any artery in the body along with arteries in the heart, brain, arms, legs, pelvis, and kidneys which results in different diseases may develop based on which arteries are affected.

People with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher are considered obese. The term obesity is used to describe the health condition of anyone significantly above his or her ideal healthy weight. Obesity increases the risk for heart disease and stroke. But it harms more than just the heart and blood vessel system. It's also a major cause of gallstones, osteoarthritis and respiratory problems. Obesity is intimately intertwined with multiple health conditions that underlie cardiovascular disease including high blood pressure, diabetes, and abnormal blood cholesterol. In addition, weight gain is a frequent consequence of heart-damaging lifestyle choices such as lack of exercise and a fat-laden diet. Obesity also can lead to heart failure. This is a serious condition in which your heart can't pump enough blood to meet your body's needs.

Cardiology conferences includes the Cardiac Drugs which are used in any way to treat conditions of the heart or the circulatory or vascular system. Many classes of cardiovascular agents are available to treat the various cardiovascular conditions. They are a complicated group of drugs with many being used for multiple heart conditions. Prescription drugs and medicines for diseases relating to the structure and function of the heart and blood vessels. In this sub topic we have Sodium, potassium, calcium channel blockers, ACE-inhibitors and Cardiac biomarkers. There are 6 associations and societies and the main association for Cardiac Therapeutic Agents in USA. 50 universities are working on Cardiac Therapeutic Agents. 

Sports Cardiology achieves heart screenings that detect potentially serious cardiovascular issues in young athletes. Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is the major reason of death in exercising young athletes, and is most commonly set off by problems as structural heart disorders or electrical circuitry issues which are not commonly found during routine physical examinations. Most of the conditions that cause sudden cardiac death in young athletes are evaluated by an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), a non-invasive test which calculates the electrical activity of the heart. 

Advances in medicine means that if CHD is detected at an early stage it can be treated successfully to extend the survival rate. Successful treatment is more likely if the disease is detected at its earliest stages. Our current research focuses on the early detection of CHD in order to halt or reverse the progress of the disease. The ongoing research includes pioneering the use of heart scanning in the early diagnosis of heart disease in diabetics, Development of Nuclear Cardiology techniques for the detection of heart disease, Drug development and evaluation of treatments used in heart disease, Identification of novel biological markers to predict the presence of heart disease, Analysis of ethnic and socio-economic differences in heart disease risk.